Compared to rats kept pathogen-free during and after gestation (group C+C), cholinergic (acetylcholine; Figure 10A, solid bars), adrenergic (noradrenaline; Figure 10B, solid bars), and NANC (substance P; Figure 10C, solid bars) neurotransmitters did not change significantly after maternal (group R+C) or neonatal (group C+R) infection. Here, TAC1 is linked to infection.