DUOX1 and infection: However, by 3 dpc, the time at which parasite infections are typically beginning to clear [4], genes that encode the AMPs Attacin and PGRP-LB, as well as those that encode the epithelial immunity-related molecules DUOX and iNOS, were expressed at significantly higher levels in mature trypanosome challenged adults compared to unchallenged GmmWT adults (Figure 2B).