TNF and keloid: Given that AA has pro-inflammatory effects and EPA and its downstream product, DHA, can inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 or TNF-α [22-24], Louw postulated that keloids may be treated by modulating the membrane FA composition, namely to reduce AA levels by supplementing the diet with GLA, DGLA, and EPA; it was proposed that this would restore the levels of AA precursors and inflammatory competitors and reduce the excessive release of AA [10].