TRAF6 and infection: Because Q142A and E105A/Q142A still inhibited TRAF6-induced NF-κB activation in the luciferase reporter assays (Figure 3B), likely due to their residual deamidation activities and long-lasting expression in cells, we further constructed an OspI-deletion Shigella strain and performed infection assays to validate the physiological effects of the OspI variants.