TNF and Insulin resistance: In that context, C3 and its cleavage products, C3adesArg (aka acylation stimulating protein, ASP), complement C3a receptor (C3aR), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and toll-like receptors (TLRs), among others, are present in adipose tissue and, based primarily on mouse models, are proposed to impact adipose tissue functions, leading to insulin resistance.