Although direct evidence of TLR-1and TLR-5-mediated protection of newborns against infection is not available, a study in adults reports that individuals with low expression of TLR-1 were hypo-responsive to vaccination against Lyme disease [27] and TLR-5 signaling has a protective role against pneumococcal infection in mice [28]. Here, TLR1 is linked to Lyme disease.