To explore the role of TNPO3 during HIV-1 infection, we challenged shRNA control and TNPO3 K.D. cells with HIV-1 and HIV-1-N74D to measure the formation of 2-LTR circles and productive infection 24 and 48 hours post-infection, respectively (Figure 4A). This evidence concerns the gene TNPO3 and HIV-1 infection.