CASP3 and adenocarcinoma: As shown in Figure 2, bethanechol treatment increased cell proliferation in both normal epithelium (44.4% ± 3.5% vs. 38.3% ± 1.6%; P = 0.034) and adenocarcinomas (50.2% ± 1.4% vs. 43.2% ± 1.8%; P = 0.0026), whereas apoptosis was not significantly altered (although there was trend towards increased cleaved caspase-3 staining in adenocarcinomas from bethanechol-treated mice; Figure 2D).