As shown in Figure 4C, D, although bethanechol treatment modestly stimulated expression of two pro-inflammatory genes Cox2 and Hif1α, it did not result in significant differences in interstitial inflammation, suggesting that inflammation does not play a significant role in bethanechol-stimulated tumorigenesis in this AOM animal model of colon carcinogenesis. Here, HIF1A is linked to infectious otitis media.