TGFB1 and central nervous system cancer: Strikingly, a relevant research demonstrates that TGF-β and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) are responsible for the formation of neurospheres and the self-renewal ability of glioma-initiating cell (GICs) and that the effect of TGF-β is dependent on induction of LIF and JAK-STAT pathway (Penuelas et al., 2009).