HSPA5 and neoplasm: Accumulated evidence indicates that the elevation of GRP78 is associated with the resistance to VP-16 [29], [30], [31], [32].GRP78 is a representative endoplasmic reticulum chaperone and could be up-regulated under stress conditions, such as glucose deprivation, hypoxia, or the presence of toxic agents [33], [34], all of which are found in the tumor microenvironment.