The implication of APOBEC3A fits with data from others revealing that enforced expression of APOBEC3A (as well as APOBEC3C and 3H) can lead to mutation of human papilloma viral DNA (Vartanian et al., 2008) as well as of transfected plasmid DNA (Stenglein et al., 2010). The gene discussed is APOBEC3C; the disease is papilloma.