However, the identity of the gene on chromosome 1q23.3 was not well-defined from previous work, and for chromosome 6p22.3, there were two candidate genes, E2F3 and SOX4. Hence we chose to analyze 16 distinct genes (Table 4) in a replication study to validate the MIP findings, and examine the possible association of amplification of these regions with bladder cancer stage and grade. Here, E2F3 is linked to urinary bladder cancer.