pertussis immunity in Pa-immunized Nlrp3−/− mice, we found a dramatic reduction in the rate of bacterial clearance in Pa-immunized IL-1RI−/− mice, with 1000 fold more bacteria in the lungs when compared with Pa-immunized WT mice at 3 and 7 days post challenge (Figure 5A). Here, NLRP3 is linked to pertussis.