Although stimulation of TLRs in microglia activates functions that are important for the elimination of pathogens [7], microglial TLRs, particularly TLR2 and TLR4, mediate stroke-induced injury to the CNS [8, 9], neuroinflammation, and neuronal damage [4, 5, 10, 11] by responding to endogenous compounds. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is Stroke.