TNF and Alzheimer disease: Stimulation with SEA or SEB increased release of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-12 in PBMCs from AD patients, whereas lidocaine (100 μmol/L) significantly reduced IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, and IFN-γ production following SEA or SEB stimulation (p < 0.05, Figs. 3, 4).