Based on these studies and the fact that caveolin-3 is required for normal T-tubule formation during cardiac development [20], [35], because caveolin-3 is a crucial and important scaffolding protein that enables compartmentalization of cellular signaling, we suggest that the expression and intracellular localization of caveolin-3 in heart failure should be investigated as a potential therapeutic target for the improvement of contractile function. The gene discussed is CAV3; the disease is heart failure.