Because it integrates immunologic virologic measures (i.e., CD4 cell count and viral load), disease measures (i.e., AIDS-defining conditions and viral hepatitis), and measures of organ system function (renal insufficiency, liver injury, and anemia), it reflects the multifaceted direct physiologic effects of alcohol and important interactions with viral hepatitis, HIV disease progression, and ART, including the resulting effects of poor adherence to ART. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and animal viral hepatitis.