Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, in both urine and serum, is the most studied biomarker, but others, cystatin C, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, interleukin-18 and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) have also been evaluated and some investigators propose a panel of biomarkers to achieve greater accuracy in earlier diagnosis of AKI.14 Here, CST3 is linked to acute kidney injury.