Elevation of IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha, but not IL-1ß, was significantly attenuated even when mice were post-treated with NF157 at 30–60 min after administration of LPS, indicating that treatment with NF157 might be effective in blocking the onset of endotoxemia even after activation of macrophages by LPS (Figure 11A–D). Here, TNF is linked to serum lipopolysaccharide activity.