INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: We and others have reported several potential intrinsic deficiencies in myotubes from individuals with T2D, i.e., reduced capacity for complete oxidation of labeled PA to CO2 compared to control myotubes or reduced insulin mediated increase in glycogen synthesis, and these dysfunctions was reproduced in our present study (Gaster and Beck-Nielsen, 2004; Gaster et al., 2004; Gaster, 2009a).