VEGFA and cancer: In addition, Ssd not only inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation by the prevention of IκBα degradation, NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, but also downregulated TNF-α-induced NF-κB-dependent genes expression involving cancer cell proliferation (c-myc and cyclin D1), cell invasion (MMP-9 and ICAM-1), angiogenesis (COX-2 and VEGF), and anti-apoptosis (survivin, c-IAP2, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and XIAP), leading to induction of apoptosis, and blockage of cell invasion and angiogenesis.