Furthermore, type 1 diabetes is characterised by a loss of insulin and use of exogenous insulin analogues whereas T2DM is treated with a range of medications including metformin, sulphonylureas, and insulin which vary in cancer risk profiles [53–55], some conferring protection, (metformin) and others increasing risk (sulphonylureas and insulin analogues) [45, 53]. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.