However, the ability of the major intracellular target of metformin, AMPK, to potentiate insulin action on cell growth and survival may have more complex regulation in prostate cancer cells via interaction with AR-regulated genes; activated AMPK may potentiate increased prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration when activated downstream of the androgen receptor (AR) [176, 177] under the control of a master regulator calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2) [177]. Here, INS is linked to prostate cancer.