By identifying changes in morphology of subepithelial capillary network (SECN), connecting venules and mucosal pits, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for predicting an Hp-infected stomach and gastric atrophy were 100% (95% CI 83.9–100%), 90% (95% CI 66.8–98.2%), 92.7% (95% CI 93.2–97.3%), 96% (95% CI 87.9–98.9%), and 83.8% (95% CI 65.5–93.9%), 85.7% (95% CI 62.6–96.2%), 100% (95% CI 92.9–100%), and 97.3% (95% CI 89.6–99.5%), respectively [100]. Here, HP is linked to chronic atrophic gastritis.