In the brainstem and cerebellum, PARP-immunoreactive astrocytes are observed in the medullary and pontine reticular formation, the hypoglossal nucleus, vestibular nucleus, cochlear nucleus, and cerebellar nuclei of SODG93A transgenic mice [36], suggesting that reactive astrocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of ALS. The gene discussed is PARP1; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.