TLR4 and colorectal cancer: From a more generalized perspective, Jing et al. found that TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile increase the risk of gastrointestinal cancers (combining oesophageal, gastric and colorectal cancers) showing ORs of 1.64 (95% CI: 1.02–2.64) and 2.01 (95% CI: 1.40–2.89), respectively [31].