In the other groups (i.e. NS insects infected with either fungal species, and in S insects infected with M. ansipoliae), fat body expression was characterized by strong upregulation of the genes coding for AMPs, transferrin and Hsp90 (with M. anisopliae triggering the strongest responses; up to 910-fold in the case of Galiomicin and 50-fold for Gallerimycin; P<0.0001 compared with uninfected larvae), while genes with putative roles in stress-management exhibited minimal changes or were mildly downregulated in the fat body after infection. Here, TF is linked to infection.