TGFB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Figure 5 shows the results of these experiments using human recombinant IFN-α at a concentration of 5,000 U/ml (shown to have the optimal effect). It can been seen that, as was previously shown [23], hCDR1 significantly down-regulated IL-1β and up-regulated TGFβ and FoxP3 gene expression in lupus PBMC (p = 0.05, 0.03 and 0.03 for IL-1β, TGFβ and FoxP3, respectively).