Thus, incubation of PBMC of lupus patients (but not of healthy volunteers) with hCDR1 resulted in a significant down regulation of gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic factors, and BLyS and up regulation of gene expression of immunosuppressive factors (Foxj1, Foxo3a, TGFβ, Foxp3) [23]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.