TNF and preeclampsia: The reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) model, where perfusion is deliberately reduced in order to mimic the oxidative and inflammatory stress in the first “stage” of preeclampsia [21]–[22], and the inflammatory cytokine imbalance (TNF-α infusion) model [23]–[24] were utilized in order to enable the examination of links between structural abnormalities in the placenta, altered perfusion, and the downstream effects that lead to the maternal hypertensive response.