FBXO32 and muscle atrophy: Although the expression and activity of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 are regulated by multiple mechanisms [7], studies suggest that Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors, in particular FOXO1, play a pivotal role in the regulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 expression in various muscle atrophy-related conditions, including sepsis and glucocorticoid treatment [3], [8]–[13].