Although reduced phosphorylation is an important mechanism of activation of FOXO transcription factors [47], recent studies suggest that in certain catabolic conditions, such as starvation [8] and sepsis [12], FOXO1 activation is caused by increased levels of total FOXO1, resulting in reduced p-FOXO1/FOXO1 ratio (even in the presence of increased p-FOXO1 levels). This evidence concerns the gene FOXO1 and Sepsis.