TGFB1 and infectious otitis media: Several signaling pathways are implicated in the pathogenesis of AOM-induced colon cancer including KRAS [14], β-Catenin [15], c-MYC [16], Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor β (IGF1Rβ) [17], and Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) [18].