TNF and respiratory tract infectious disorder: Early-phase (<72 h) murine respiratory infection with either an attenuated Type B Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) or the highly virulent Type A SchuS4 strain is characterized by exponential bacterial replication within the cytosol of host cells without elicitation of select pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-γ) [1].