Increased insulin receptor expression has been observed under pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer’s dementia and multiple sclerosis [90]–[92], and increased Pdgfb expression has also been observed in Alzheimer’s disease patients and simian human immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques with encephalitis [93], [94]. This evidence concerns the gene PDGFB and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.