BRAF and melanoma: Melanoma is a molecularly heterogeneous disease with approximately half (40%–60%) of the cutaneous melanoma cells harboring an activating mutation in the B-RAF gene, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase protein kinase, and most of the mutations (>70%) are V600E (i.e., substitution of valine for glutamate at amino acid position 600) [17, 26–28].