Besides, MAPK-independent molecules involved in the melanoma resistance mechanism include (i) upregulation of IGF-1R [49]; (ii) PI3K/AKT signaling through the activation of c-KIT (a RTK also known as CD117) [50]; (iii) loss of PTEN through the suppression of BIM expression [51]. The gene discussed is IGF1R; the disease is melanoma.