CXCL9 and neoplasm: Moreover, IFN-γ can induce development of the Th1 cell lineage, rather than the potentially tumor-promoting Th2 lineage, and further promote expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 that can specifically attract and enhance Th1 cell localization to sites of tumor growth and inflammation (Rotondi et al., 2003).