Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) pathway and compensatory hyperactivation of angiogenesis through upregulation of VEGFR and PDGFR pathways are thought to be particularly important in ccRCC pathogenesis, given the highly vascularised nature of renal tumours and the specific association with mutations in VHL[9]. Here, VHL is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.