AGER and pulmonary arterial hypertension: We also demonstrated that RAGE is upstream of BMPR2 and PPARγ by blocking RAGE, which decreases proliferation, and inhibiting BMPR2 (siRNA) or PPARγ (W9662), which confers a PAH proproliferative phenotype (increase ≥10% in proliferation rates, n=3 to 5 cell lines, P<0.05).