A direct correlation has been demonstrated between the inhibition of IGF-IR gene expression and up-regulation of IGFBP-3 in the androgen-independent PC-3 cells, while this inhibition led to inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion, and to enhanced spontaneous apoptosis, indicating an important role for both IGF-IR and IGFBP-3 in the homeostasis of prostate carcinoma cells (Grzmil et al., 2004). Here, IGF1R is linked to prostate carcinoma.