MAPK3 and posterior cortical atrophy: Obviously, the ERK1/2 as well as the Akt signaling pathway, both associated with the ligation of IGF-I to IGF-IR, are involved in PCa development and progression, regulating mainly mitogenic and anti-apoptotic signaling (Papatsoris et al., 2005; Papageorgiou et al., 2007, 2008; Pitulis et al., 2009).