Moreover, the results from a recent study, which provides the largest assessment of the role of the IGF system in the development of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-detected PCa, suggested that circulating IGF-I has a limited role in the development of early PCa but it may remain an important risk factor for disease progression (Rowlands et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and posterior cortical atrophy.