IGF1 and prostate carcinoma: In particular, there is an extensive body of literature suggesting that the IGF system (Figure 1) is importantly involved not only in prostate gland growth and development but also in prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression (Polychronakos et al., 1991; Reyes-Moreno et al., 1998; Grimberg and Cohen, 1999; Koutsilieris et al., 2000b; Wetterau et al., 2003; Monti et al., 2007; Werner and Bruchim, 2009).