By using in vitro model(s) which mimics events that occur during the natural progression of PCa, i.e., the androgen dependence to androgen independence transition, it was indicated that increased IGF-IR expression is associated with androgen-independent anti-apoptotic and mitotic IGF signaling in the progression of PCa (Nickerson et al., 2001; Krueckl et al., 2004). Here, IGF1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.