CD14 and atherosclerosis: Since residual immune activation despite antiretroviral treatment may contribute to the presence of dysfunctional HDL in HIV-1+ persons [8] and progression of atherosclerosis [9], we also investigated possible associations between DOR and biomarkers of macrophage activation, such as soluble CD14 (sCD14) and biomarkers of bacterial translocation such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [10].