By using a pan-genomic analysis of bovine MDM gene expression in response to in vitro infection with Map, Machugh et al. revealed that many of the highly upregulated genes at 2 h p.i. had proinflammatory related functions, particularly IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, chemokine ligand 2 gene (C-X-C motif; CXCL2), and the chemokine ligand 20 gene (C-C motif; CCL20) [39]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and infection.