Sustained phosphorylation of these stress-activated kinases, JNK and p38 MAPK, and their downstream targets, c-Jun, ATF-2 and CREB were also observed in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line, HT4, in response to Cd (3–30 μM CdSO4 for 24 h) characterised by increased ROS production and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction [82]. The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is neuroblastoma.