MAPK8 and neuroblastoma: Whereas Cd exposure clearly leads to oxidative damage, it has been shown that Cd-induced ROS generation (10–20 μM CdCl2) in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) and human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells resulted in activation of signalling pathways such as JNK, Erk1/2, p38 MAPK and their upstream kinases like ASK1, MKK4, MEK1/2, and MEK3/6 leading to caspase-dependent and independent apoptosis.