Pro-inflammatory changes have been described in schizophrenia; a recent meta-analyses of cytokine studies in schizophrenia showed that cytokines such as IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ and soluble CD25 are raised in and are trait markers of schizophrenia [48], whereas IL-1β, IL-6 and TGF-β are state markers of acute schizophrenia [48]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and schizophrenia.