TFF1 and gastric carcinoma: It has been reported that H. pylori LPS promotes colonization of H. pylori in the mucus layer adjacent to the gastric epithelial surface by interacting specifically with trefoil factor 1 in the stomach [15], and enhances proliferation and progression of gastric carcinoma by attenuating the antitumor activity and IFN- γ -mediated cellular immunity [16,17].