TNF and infection: Based on the notion that T. crassiceps induces strong anti-inflammatory and long-lasting Th2 responses, characterized by high systemic levels of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 as well as the recruitment of different regulatory cell populations such as AAMs, MDSCs, and iDCs accompanied by low T cell proliferative responses and the induction of low NO, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-23, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels that may block pathologic inflammation, we investigated the role of this infection in the modulation and outcome of experimental autoimmune diseases such as EAE, rheumatoid arthritis, and T1D.