TNF and diabetes mellitus: Despite overwhelming evidence in favor of TNF having a critical role in regulating inflammation and insulin-action (Hotamisligil et al., 1993, 1994a,b, 1995; Hotamisligil and Spiegelman, 1994; Peraldi et al., 1996; Uysal et al., 1997; Liu et al., 1998), the translation of basic research findings with TNF targeted neutralization approaches to diabetes care in humans has had disappointing results with both acute and chronic treatment (Ofei et al., 1996; Paquot et al., 2000; Di Rocco et al., 2004; Wascher et al., 2011).