Innovative technologies such as genomics and proteomics made it possible to discover earlier biomarkers of AKI, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C (Cys C), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and liver-type fatty acids binding protein (L-FABP). Here, LCN2 is linked to acute kidney injury.