Another prospective study, performed by Koyner et al. in 123 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, evaluated the diagnostic utility of urinary NGAL, cystatin C, KIM-1, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), α-GST (a proximal tubular damage marker), π-GST (a marker specific to distal tubule damage), FENa, and FEUrea as biomarkers for the detection of early and severe AKI after surgery. The gene discussed is CST3; the disease is acute kidney injury.