TSC1 and cancer: The network of PI3 K-AKT-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) plays a critical role in cell metabolism, proliferation, and survival and is one of the most frequently activated pathways in cancer owing to the activation of kinases and the inactivation of tumor suppressors, TSC1/2 (tuberous sclerosis 1/2) and PTEN [67].