We have previously identified an association between CKD and the -1237T/C of TLR-9 [17] whilst another group has shown that +1174A/G is associated with increased risk for progression of IgA nephropathy in Japanese patients [36] and patients with a TT genotype at 1635G/A show more severe renal damage and poorer therapeutic outcomes [37]. Here, TLR9 is linked to chronic kidney disease.