MESD and prostate carcinoma: In our previous studies, we demonstrated that the full-length Mesd protein and the Mesd C-terminal region peptide suppressed MDA-MB-231 tumor growth [13], and that Mesd protein markedly inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling in prostate cancer PC-3 cells, and suppressed PC-3 cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo [8], [14].