AR and hypogonadism: Symptoms include late-onset muscular weakness and atrophy, frequently accompanied by androgen insensitivity and hypogonadism (Dejager et al. 2002; Palazzolo et al. 2008), believed to be a result of AR protein aggregation resulting in apoptosis of affected cells (Grierson et al. 1999; Ellerby et al. 2002; Vismara et al. 2009).