PIP and breast carcinoma: Endogenous androgen steroid levels have been recognized as modulating factors associated with breast cancer (BC) (Adams 1998; Ferro et al. 2002; Kaaks et al. 2005), and between 60% and 70% of BCs express the AR as well as androgen-dependent proteins (e.g. PSA and GCDFP-15; Díaz-Chico et al. 2007).