These broad biological activities underlie the presumed role of OPN in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm (Giachelli and Steitz, 2000), thus paving the way toward the clinical use of OPN plasma levels as biomarker of inflammation and as predictor of the risk for cardiovascular complications (Cho et al., 2009). This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and atherosclerosis.